Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python

Python supports Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), which allows developers to organize code into objects that represent real-world entities. OOP makes programs more modular, reusable, and easier to maintain.

What is OOP?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects and classes to design applications.

Class → Blueprint for creating objects
Object → An instance of a class
Methods → Functions defined inside a class
Attributes → Variables associated with a class or object

In short: OOP models real-world things in code.

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1. Creating a Class and Object

Example


class Dog:
    def __init__(self, name, breed):
        self.name = name
        self.breed = breed

    def bark(self):
        print(self.name, "is barking")

# Creating an object
my_dog = Dog("Buddy", "Labrador")
my_dog.bark()

Explanation

class Dog: defines a class named Dog.
__init__ is a constructor that initializes object data.
self refers to the current object.
my_dog = Dog("Buddy", "Labrador") creates an object.
my_dog.bark() calls the method.

Output: Buddy is barking

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2. Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.

Example


class Animal:
    def eat(self):
        print("Eating")

class Cat(Animal):
    def meow(self):
        print("Meowing")

my_cat = Cat()
my_cat.eat()
my_cat.meow()

Explanation

Cat inherits from Animal.
my_cat can access methods of both classes.

Output


Eating
Meowing

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3. Encapsulation

Encapsulation hides the internal details of an object and allows controlled access.

Example


class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance):
        self.__balance = balance  # private attribute

    def get_balance(self):
        return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)
print(account.get_balance())

Explanation

__balance is a private variable.
It cannot be accessed directly outside the class.
get_balance() provides safe access.

Encapsulation protects data from unwanted access.

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4. Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows one interface to be used for different types of objects.

Example


class Bird:
    def sound(self):
        print("Some bird sound")

class Parrot(Bird):
    def sound(self):
        print("Parrot says Squawk")

class Crow(Bird):
    def sound(self):
        print("Crow says Caw")

def make_sound(bird):
    bird.sound()

make_sound(Parrot())
make_sound(Crow())

Explanation

The same method sound() behaves differently.
The function works for all bird objects.

Output


Parrot says Squawk
Crow says Caw

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5. Advantages of OOP in Python

Modularity → Code is organized into classes
Reusability → Existing classes can be reused
Maintainability → Easy to update and manage
Real-world Modeling → Programs reflect real-world entities

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Packages in Python Class & Object